Electrochemical Pump
A small electrolytic cell made out if acrylic that works with an aqueous solution of Urea. A LM317T with a potentiometer is used to control the voltage.
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The top of the cell is sealed with an O-Ring and the contacts for the electrodes are sealed with epoxy. There is a hole (sealed with Blu-Tack) as outlet for the produced gases to which one can attach some plumbig or a pneumatic actuator.
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This is an old project and you can some blue crystals forming on the carbon electrodes which I assume is some form of copper(II) originating from the wiring.
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An industrial application using this principle which inspired this build can be seen here: